![]() In fact, many social scientists used the concepts of crowd and mass interchangeably. Crowd psychology influenced the later development of mass society theory. Crowd mentality was conceived as a contagious-and dangerous-form of popular enthusiasm. According to the French psychologist Gustave Le Bon, the empowerment of revolutionary crowds marked “the advent to power of the masses.” Crowd psychology, developed most famously by Le Bon, described the crowd as driven by pre-rational passions or impulses, acting as a single entity under the direction of a leader or blindly following its own whims. What was most problematic, however, was the manner in which they entered politics: not through institutional channels but in the form of dissenting crowds or mobs. According to critics ranging from Edmund Burke to Hannah Arendt, the Revolution was significant in part because it allowed ordinary people-the “swinish multitude,” in Burke’s view-to enter politics. The Revolution, they argued, had not established liberty but, on the contrary, had allowed collective despotism free rein by weakening intermediary associations and communities. For these thinkers, the Revolution undermined traditional institutions such as the Roman Catholic Church and thus weakened the social bonds that held French society together. For critics such as Hippolyte Taine, the real significance of the Revolution lay not in the constitutional changes it brought about but in the deep social upheaval it caused. The idea of mass society originated in the conservative reaction to the French Revolution (1787–99). The term is often used pejoratively to denote a modern condition in which traditional forms of human association have broken down and been replaced by conformist or even totalitarian forms of collective behaviour. Mass society, concept used to characterize modern society as homogenized but also disaggregated, because it is composed of atomized individuals. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.
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